Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. What Is a Primary Source? Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. . At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Categories . For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from Ozzy Osbourne Grandchildren, Dalton Smith Pogo Stick, Best Basketball Camps In Ontario, Rinnai R53i Parts Diagram, Mennonite Vs Amish Vs Mormon, Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. Learning in Black and White. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used? Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Constitutional reforms of Sulla - Wikipedia [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. . [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Editor: Paul Halsall. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Wikipedia entry. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. J. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. . His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History Introduction. The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Primary and Secondary Sources: What's the Difference? [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Tweet. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Historical documents : how to read them. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Tools for primary source analysis. Sulla would ratify Mithridates' position in Pontus and have him declared a Roman ally. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence.