why was gaelic banned in scotland why was gaelic banned in scotland

6 Did Kilkenny ban traditional Irish dress and the Irish language? MacKinnon's work in Harris primary and secondary schools, showed that Gaelic was either used alongside English or not at all, which only accelerates anglicisation. In 2018, along with about half of the worlds estimated 6,000 languages, Scottish Gaelic is considered at risk of dying out. past life astrology: use your birth chart. The Church of Scotland also established parochial schools in the Gaidhealtachd in the 1700s and likewise banned the use of Gaelic except in translating. why was gaelic banned in scotland - tomasmicka.cz When did the Irish adopt the Latin alphabet? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Contents1 Was Gaelic ever widely spoken in Scotland?2 When did English Replace Scottish [] From early times until 1720 all the Presbyterian approaches to Catholics were in Irish and considerable efforts were made to enlarge the pool of Irish-speaking ministers. Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Gaelic was banned in Scotland in 1616 by King Charles Stuart (1566 - 1625). Norman French became dominant among the new feudal aristocracy, especially in southern Scotland, and completely displaced Gaelic at court. From the point of view of the Gaelic language, the most notable statute was the one which compelled the chiefs to send their eldest child to schools in the Lowlands so as to ensure the next generation of Highland elites "may be found able sufficiently to speik, reid and wryte Englische".[24]. When universal education in Scotland was introduced through the Education Act of 1872, it omitted to make any provision for the teaching of (or use of) Gaelic in schools in Scotland, even though there were many more Gaelic-speaking districts in What do they shout in Braveheart? Was Gaelic ever banned in Scotland? - 2023 Gaelic was banned in In the 11th century, during the reign of Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm III), Gaelic was the main language of most of Scotland, as evidenced by placenames, and it is an integral part of the history and culture of the country.. For various reasons, numbers have decreased over the centuries, but the 2011 Census showed that the decline has slowed slightly, with an increase in Tha cuideachd criomagan-fuaime againn airson do chuideachadh le fuaimneachadh. The first British Law enacted in Ireland which specifically banned the use of the Irish language was Article III of The Statute of Kilkenny from 1367 which made it illegal for English colonists in Ireland to speak the Irish language and for the native Irish to speak their language when interacting with them. Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language that was widely spoken in Scotland as the primary language during the 11th and 12th centuries. Tartan was synonymous with the clan system in the Scottish Highlands and, by banning its use, the hope was that this would assist in the pacification of the region. Why Christmas was banned in Scotland. Whereas Gaelic was the dominant language in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, the Lowlands of Scotland adopted the language of Scots. Theres plenty to do in Scotland in the winter, and many Scots love getting in the festive spirit. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This ancient name is derived from the Gaelic word cath, meaning battle, and val, meaning rule.. It is ironic that in support of the "Gaelic only" school, Mr MacLeod raises the fact that Gaelic was all but banned. Scottish Government rejects calls to ban large shops from opening on New Years Day One of the earliest Gaelic dictionaries was published using donations from Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. Scottish Gaelic ( Gidhlig [kalk] ( listen) ), is a Celtic language native to Scotland. Cathal is a very trendy choice in Ireland, ranked as the 68th most popular name for boys in 2020. Munster Irish Connacht Irish Ulster Irish (West and East sub-dialects). There are many supernatural creatures to be found in Scottish/Gaelic folklore, Scotland has a rich Culture going back over 2,000 years.Scottish mythology has emerged throughout our history, stories were then passed on by word of mouth sometimes being elaborated upon by successive generations Baobhan Sith The numbers of Gaelic speakers declined sharply from 254,415 in 1891 to 58,969 in 2001. New laws, regulations, convenience; better health measures and standards (and their own particular resultant regulations) have altered things in a mighty way. Because of the strong English ties of Malcolm's sons Edgar, Alexander, and David each of whom became king in turn Donald Bn is sometimes called the last Celtic King of Scotland. Descubr lo que tu empresa podra llegar a alcanzar. knoxville police department hiring process. The Gaelic community has supplied Scotland with many of the country's national icons, including the kilt, tartan, sporran, bagpipes, ceilidhs, Highland games and whisky! This ban was part of a larger effort, which included the Statutes of Iona (1609), to "civilize" the Highlanders and bring them under control of the Crown. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or Alba) in the 9th century. The numbers of Gaelic speakers declined sharply from 254,415 in 1891 to 58,969 in 2001. Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language that was widely spoken in Scotland as the primary language during the 11th and 12th centuries. These attitudes were still evident in the complaints and claims of the Highland Land League of the late 19th century,[citation needed] which elected MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. All rights reserved. Although, some constructs of Ulster Irish come close to the Scottish Gaelic through Scottish immigrants (e.g. Donald in English is Dmhnaill in Gaelic, and Mac Dhmhnaill is Son of Donald. Donald Gregory, The History of the Western Highlands and Islands of Scotland, from A.D. 1493 to A.D. 1625; Martin MacGregor, The Statues of Iona: Text and context, Innes Review 57 (2006). How many early Presbyterians in Ulster were Irish/Gaelic speakers? As opposed to Gaelic, the Scots language is much closer in style to that of English and debate has raged for many years as to whether its a separate language or a dialect. The Society in Scotland for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) was the most important early organization to set up schools in the Gaidhealtachd. There are plans afoot for Gaelic only council housing with all other Scots that don't speak an archaic dead Irish language excluded. Man Dies From Elephant Poop, Gaelic vanished from Fife by 1600, eastern Caithness by 1650, and Galloway by 1700. King George IV of England was a big fan. Dirty Librarian Jokes, [4][5], Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dl Riata until the 8th century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. To learn gaelic, you'll need to learn its orthography, its spelling system, which uses the same alphabetic letters to represent the pronunciation differently from English. Dress for the weather. How do you write a strong internship cover letter? Why was the Gaelic language banned? - Heimduo After the Lothians were conquered by Malcolm II at the Battle of Carham in 1018, the elites spoke Gaelic and continued to do so until about 1200. Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as Inglis (English) by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called Scottis (Scottish). what chocolate bars have been discontinued? Dictionary - Faclair. PART II: The origin of the Gaels has remained a mystery until the advent of modern commercial ancestral DNA testing.Commercial ancestral Y-DNA testing has revealed that 60% of Irish males will have a pre-Viking Gaelic origin, and that almost all of those will have earlier detectable links with Scotland (the Y-DNA test only explores the paternal line). why was gaelic banned in scotland 6 Gaelic culture: a national asset 6.1 The art of the Gidhealtachd. A Scottish government spokesperson said: "We do not recognise these figures. Gaelic Society school numbers peaked around 1825 but had basically disappeared by the 1860s. I am all for bilingual schools and nurseries, but this is an exclusionary policy which is disproportionate to the goal of preserving Gaelic. Argyll is a region of great significance in the development of Gaelic literature. These are the regions where four Celtic languages are still spoken to some extent as mother tongues. In the 11th century, during the reign of Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm III), Gaelic was the main language of most of Scotland, as evidenced by placenames, and it is an integral part of the history and culture of the country.. For various reasons, numbers have decreased over the centuries, but the 2011 Census showed that the decline has slowed slightly, with an increase in N Annrachin, Mire (1991) The Highland Connection: Scottish Reverberations in Irish Literary Identity Irish University Review, vol. In 1872 Scotland moved for the first time to a compulsory, state-directed and state-funded system of education covering the entire country. Today, Gaelic is not the primary language of Scotland but is still spoken by some of the Scottish population, especially those in the highlands. The Gaels may have been the ancient versions of the Irish. Scottish Gaelic dictionary. Gaelic was introduced to Scotland from Ireland in the 5th century and remained the main language in most rural areas until the early 17th century. beyond distribution houston tx; bagwell style bowie; alex pietrangelo family; atlas 80v battery run time; has anyone died at alton towers; By 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct, completely replaced by Gaelic. The Tory war on Gaelic continues Lowland Scotlands war on the language and culture of the Highlands that started long before the Union of 1707. The art history of the Scottish Gidhealtachd (Gaelic speaking areas) has received little attention, even though it is known to be important. Two interpretations of the linguistic divide in the middle ages. But to be a member of a clan didnt automatically mean you were related to the chief. The Statute of Kilkenny banned traditional Irish dress as well as use of the Irish language in 1367. While Scottish kings had sought to fully integrate the west and the islands into the rest of Scotland since taking formal control of the area from the King of Norway in 1266, the policy culminated with James VI. Almost exactly 18 years later, the Board finally banned the 2011 Mortal Kombat game for its explicit depictions of dismemberment, decapitation, disembowelment and other brutal forms of slaughter.The games publisher, Warner Bros. [1], With the incorporation of Strathclyde and the Lothians, Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith in Scotland. A 0. 1. THIS is the officially recognised Gaelic week so it is perhaps appropriate that we honour one of Scotland's leading Gaelic poets . As soon as Scotland attains her freedom I'll be voting to get shot of them. My interest in the Gaelic language and literature all started with a poem. Robert Kirk, minister of Aberfoyle; however it was not widely circulated. A I also speak Gaelic, spoken by 60,000 folks and Irish, spoken by 400,000. January 19, 2018. pnp philosophy and core values. I also speak Gaelic, spoken by 60,000 folks and Irish, spoken by 400,000. By about 1500, Scots was the lingua franca of Scotland. Stay informed and join our social networks! 15. [21] At the same time the Scottish crown entered a determined period of state-building in which cultural, religious and linguistic unity was of the highest value. It was outlawed by the crown in 1616, and suppressed further after the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. pope francis indigenous peoples. Why Christmas was banned in Scotland. Why is Gaelic important? Crab Island Toledo Ohio Menu, The most common Gaelic name for forest is coille, a word found variously in Coillhallan in Stirlingshire, or Coilleghille in the Highlands. The modern-day areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily as a first language are collectively known as the Gaeltacht.Irish language. Watch the video. Argyll is a region of great significance in the development of Gaelic literature. Over 2,000 audio and video recordings of Gaelic, most with transcriptions and translations. The equivalent in Welsh is coed. Mandarin Chinese. The variants of anglicised Gaelic surnames might be because thats how they were recorded by English speaking clerks. Gaelic culture was largely non-literate at the time and thus Gaels themselves were unable to provide a modern education to their children even if they had wanted to do so. When was Hawaiian Creole English recognized as a language? From the 1380s onward, however, the country was increasingly understood to be the union of two distinct spaces and peoples: one inhabiting the low-lying sout 8. Donald was overthrown, blinded, and imprisoned for the remaining two years of his life. Tartan was synonymous with the clan system in the Scottish Highlands and, by banning its use, the hope was that this would assist in the pacification of the region. It was outlawed by the crown in 1616, and suppressed further after the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. The semi-independent Lordship of the Isles in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century.[17]. Sundays - Closed, 8642 Garden Grove Blvd. It does not store any personal data. Study author Conchr Giollagin, professor of Gaelic research at the University of the Highlands and Islands, told CNN that the language could be gone within 10 years due to a rapid decline in the number of speakers that started in the 1980s. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. For centuries, there has been a long-held belief that bagpipes were classified as an instrument of war and were banned in the Act of Proscription of 1746. Gaelic in Eastern and Southern Scotland is now largely defunct, although the dialects which were spoken in the east tended to preserve a more archaic tone, which had been lost further west. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Highland burghs such as Inverness and Fort William were outposts of English in the region, becoming only more so following the Jacobite rising of 1745. Scots. [11] In either 1068 or 1070, the king married the exiled Princess Margaret of Wessex. Some want to connect with their culture and other people want to better understand place names of Scotland. Why Christmas was banned in Scotland. It has declined from a position of strength in the the early tenth or eleventh century where the bulk of the population spoke Gaelic, to a situation now, where about 1.6% of the population speak it. To learn gaelic, you'll need to learn its orthography, its spelling system, which uses the same alphabetic letters to represent the pronunciation differently from English. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. What percentage of Gaelic is spoken in Scotland? Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? In 1760, the Scottish poet James Macpherson published a series of poems that he claimed to be translated from an old Gaelic book. Dress Act of 1746. The historian Julian Goodare downplays the importance of the Statues of Iona in favour of seeing them as part of a much larger set of regulations which the crown sought to promulgate for the reorganisation of Gaelic society. Who banned Gaelic in Scotland? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Experience Scotlands UNESCO World Heritage Sites. History of Scotland. why was gaelic banned in scotland. [30] Gaels also emigrated to North Carolina in the 1700s and Gaelic was regularly spoken there until the American Civil War.[31]. Is Scottish Gaelic dying? Close sea communications with Ireland and the substantial land barrier of the Scottish Highlands to the east contributed to Proto-Celtic in Dl Riata developing into Gaelic rather than into Pictish or Cumbric as it did east and south of the Highlands. Loaded Hash Brown Waffles, chemical peel near me black owned; which of the following is a recent trend in grandparenting; how to turn off air suspension on mercedes gl450 A huge wave of Gaelic immigration to Nova Scotia took place between 1815 and 1840, so large that by the mid-19th century Gaelic was the third most common language in Canada after English and French. The Scottish Government is the devolved government for Scotland. 4 What was the punishment for speaking Gaelic? advantages and disadvantages of database security. This future Saint Margaret of Scotland was a member of the royal House of Wessex which had occupied the English throne from its founding until the Norman Conquest. First attested in the 16th century, the name Halloween comes from a Scottish shortening of All-Hallows Eve and has its roots in the Gaelic festival of Samhain. why was gaelic banned in scotland - circularity.business The raincoat was invented in Scotland by a man named Charles Macintosh, hence the name the mac. All surviving dialects are Highland and/or Hebridean dialects. Before the late 1300s, there is no evidence that anyone thought of Scotland as divided into two geographic parts. [33] However, the language suffered under centralisation efforts by the Scottish and later British states, especially after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, during the Highland Clearances, and by the exclusion of Scottish Gaelic from the educational system. THE Scottish Government appears to lack a strategy big enough to save Gaelic, a long-serving SNP MSP has said. Scottish Gaelic is an ancient Celtic language that evolved from Old Irish, and Scots is a Germanic language thats similar to English but is considered a different language. Scotland's Gaelic language 'could die out in 10 years' - CNN Despite this ban, Gaelic was still spoken privately as public use of the. Hallandale Beach, Fl 33009, discuss three properties of water quizlet, linear algebra for machine learning coursera, affirmative defenses to injunctive relief, Scotland's Gaelic language 'could die out in 10 years' - CNN, Panino Rustico Menu Staten Island Huguenot, Best Bridesmaid Shoes For Outdoor Wedding, westcliff university application fees for international students, list of measurable iep goals and objectives. It was outlawed by the crown in 1616, and suppressed further after the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. Cinematic Arts Faculty, Were not saying it rains a lot, but having a good mac does help. June 16, 2022; Posted by ssga funds management inc aum Panino Rustico Menu Staten Island Huguenot, As English-speakers held all economic power outside the Highlands and most of it within the Gaidhealtachd, Gaelic monolingualism was fast becoming an economic hindrance. p. 33. why was gaelic banned in scotlandwhy was gaelic banned in scotland ego service center near me Back to Blog. When was Gaelic banned in Scotland? | Homework.Study.com THE aftermath of the Battle of Culloden lasted a very long time. West Edmonton Condos For Rent, Why would it be better for Wales to be occupied by the Irish, than the English? Withers claims that by the mid-1700s all Highland gentry were bilingual. why was gaelic banned in scotland - sahinozsanayiaks.com This was spurred by the intermarriage of Gaelic and Pictish aristocratic families, the political merger of the two kingdoms in the early 9th century, and the common threat of attack by Norse invaders. [20] What Gaelic remained in the Lowlands in the sixteenth century had disappeared completely by the eighteenth. why was gaelic banned in scotland. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly, a process of Gaelicisation (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of Caustantn and his successors. You'll be surprised how greatly Gaelic has been preserved through literature, arts and folklore from across the ages, despite over 200 years of suppression and condemnation. the language of the Scots. [29] In this same period Gaelic became a global language. While Scottish Gaelic has changed a lot over the centuries, calling it a nationalist language when it pre-dates the Act of the Union of 1707 and the Rangers FC Rangers fans BANNED from Lyon as stunned Ibrox side blast 'intransigent' French authorities over last gasp no go An allocation of over Who banned Gaelic in Scotland? Women's football in Scotland: Banned 100 years ago but celebrated today Close The day of this year's SWPL Cup final is also the 100th anniversary of women's football being banned in Scotland. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Among the modern languages, there is often a closer match between Welsh, Breton, and Cornish on the one hand, and Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx on the other. Image source. Theres plenty to do in Scotland in the winter, and many Scots love getting in the festive spirit. 15 Gaelic has turned full circle, from being reviled and banned to being encouraged and seen as part of a cultural identity. The Tory war on Gaelic continues Lowland Scotlands war on the language and culture of the Highlands that started long before the Union of 1707. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under David I, attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Inglis, the language of the merchant class. (both reproduced from Withers, 1984), "may be found able sufficiently to speik, reid and wryte Englische". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Alison Cathcart, The Statutes of Iona: The archipelagic context, Journal of British Studies 49 (2010), 4-27. From the SSPCK's perspective, the primary purpose of education was cultural to learn the Bible, to learn the catechism of the Church of Scotland and to learn English. corning gorilla glass victus vs 5. full size pickup truck rental; what do colored wedding bands mean; crunch personal training contract; fayette county wv grand jury indictments 2021; rainforest land for sale ecuador; The Royal National Md is a celebration of the Gaelic language and culture and is held annually in the west and north of Scotland. The Scottish people (Scots: Scots Fowk; Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich, Old English: Scottas) or Scots are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. However there is a also a widespread myth that Bagpipes in Scotland were (i) banned after the battle of Culloden (1746) (ii) classified as a As long as that goes on the language will disappear. Am Faclair Beag: Scottish Gaelic-English dictionary (with phonetics) & Dwelly's dictionary. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The government spent millions of pounds putting Gaelic translations on police cars driving around parts of Scotland which have not spoke Gaelic since before Scotland came into being in 1328. frases para madres que no valoran a sus hijos; sun dolphin pro 120 for sale in texas. It is estimated that there were 50,000 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia in 1901, more than one-sixth of all Gaelic-speakers in the world at the time. November Screensavers And Wallpaper, Today most archaeologists and historians believe that Gaelic in Dl Riata developed among the native population out of the common Proto-Celtic language of the British Isles. St Patrick was kidnapped from Britain and made a slave by Irish pirates, not English ones. [12] Malcolm's sons fled to the English court, but in 1097 returned with an Anglo-Norman army backing them. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames. The first such Gaelic chapel was established in Edinburgh in 1769. As Lowland Scots sought increasingly to civilise their Highland brethren, Gaelic became an object of particular persecution. Following the act, children caught speaking Gaelic were belted and faced further corporal punishment if they did not give up the names of classmates they had been talking to. A common Gaelic literary language was used in Ireland and Scotland until the 17th century. Generally speaking, the Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group,[citation needed] although there is still regional variation. At the same time the Scottish crown entered a determined period of state-building in which cultural, religious and linguistic unity was of the highest value. Apple Stuffed Pork Tenderloin, Before the late 1600s, schools for the middle class, not to mention poor crofters, did not exist in the Highlands and Isles. Ireland already celebrates its language and culture through Seachdain na Gaeilge, (Irish Language Week) with Mos nan Gidheal (Month of the Gaels) also being an important part of the Cape Breton calendar. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland. An Irish translation of the Bible dating from the Elizabethan era was in use until the Bible was translated into Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Parliament reconvenes. Scots Gaelic could be dead within a decade as university researchers have found that social use of the language is at the 'point of collapse'. A common Gaelic literary language was used in Ireland and Scotland until the 17th century. By the end of the 15th century, however, the Scottish dialect of Northern English had absorbed that designation. When was Hausa language introduced in Waec? Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The Tory hatred of Gaelic is not an English phenomenon but an expression of a cultural gap between Lowlands and Highlands. If there is a seminal reason for the decline of Gaelic it is the divergence of the Highlands from the Lowlands in the thinking and perceptions of people in late medieval Scotland, the beginnings of which we have illuminated by Fordun. Men tended to learn English before women and children and Gaels tended to use English for economic transactions even if they weren't fluent in it. Men often danced with men, and women with women but sometimes they mixed. It may not be widely known but Christmas was not celebrated as a festival and virtually banned in Scotland for around 400 years, from the end of the 17th century to the 1950s. MacArthur, Margaret (1874). I think this is one of my favourite fun facts about Scotland. Scottish Gaelic , also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. When did Czechia adopt the Latin alphabet? 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. [2][3] This view is based mostly on early medieval writings such as the 7th century Irish Senchus fer n-Alban or the 8th century Anglo-Saxon Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum. Wed love to hear from you! Gaelic was introduced to Scotland from Ireland in the 5th century and remained the main language in most rural areas until the early 17th century. [19] King James IV (d. 1513) thought Gaelic important enough to learn and speak. The first Gaelic-speaking settlers directly from Scotland arrived on Cape Breton in 1802. Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the Mull of Kintyre, Rathlin and in North East Ireland as late as the mid-20th century. When did Icelandic adopt the phonetic alphabet? Today, only about one percent of the Scottish population speaks it. The first reliable statistics on the prevalence of Gaelic in Scotland begin in the 1690s. There are 58,552 in Scotland who speak Gaelic. That being said, it seems clear that Gaelic had ceased to be the language of Scotland by 1400 at the latest. Why was the Gaelic language banned? New York: Henry Holt and Company. The novel was a best-seller and romanticized the life and times of the Highland gentleman in full Highland garb and regalia. So Scottish Gaelic phonology is a little more complex than Irishif you find Irish phonology hard, you will find Scottish Gaelics more so. People learn Gaelic today for many reasons. The Act has also been credited with banning the playing of bagpipes, speaking Gaelic and gathering family members together in public. Sacramento Bee Pets, From the 1380s onward, however, the country was increasingly understood to be the union of two distinct spaces and peoples: one inhabiting the low-lying south and the eastern seaboard speaking English/Scots; another inhabiting the mountainous north and west as well as the islands speaking Gaelic. It is the official language by custom only. With this approach, we can better understand how the different genres operated when Gaelic society was functioning as a healthy unit, and how it declined when Gaelic society came under attack.